How Makeup Has Changed Over The Years History Of Makeup In America

History of cosmetics in cultures

The history of cosmetics spans at least seven,000 years and is present in well-nigh every society on globe. Cosmetic body art is argued to have been the primeval form of a ritual in human culture. The evidence for this comes in the form of utilised red mineral pigments (red ochre) including crayons associated with the emergence of Homo sapiens in Africa.^{[ane] [2] [iii] [4] [5] [6]} Cosmetics are mentioned in the Old Testament—2 Kings 9:30 where Jezebel painted her eyelids—approximately 840 BC—and the book of Esther describes various beauty treatments equally well.

Cosmetics were besides used in aboriginal Rome, although much of Roman literature suggests that information technology was frowned upon. It is known that some women in ancient Rome invented make up including lead-based formulas, to whiten the skin, and kohl to line the eyes.^[seven]

Beyond the globe [edit]

Northward Africa [edit]

Egypt [edit]

One of the earliest cultures to use cosmetics was ancient Egypt, where both Egyptian men and women used makeup to raise their advent. The apply of cosmetics in Aboriginal Arab republic of egypt is well documented. Kohl has its roots in north Africa. The use of black kohl eyeliner and eyeshadows in nighttime colours such as bluish, red, and black was common, and was commonly recorded and represented in Egyptian fine art, also equally being seen in Egyptian hieroglyphs. Ancient Egyptians also extracted crimson dye from fucus-algin, 0.01% iodine, and some bromine mannite,^{[ vague ]} but this dye resulted in serious illness. Lipsticks with shimmering effects were initially made using a pearlescent substance establish in fish scales, which are even so used extensively today.^[eight] Despite the hazardous nature of some Egyptian cosmetics, ancient Egyptian makeup was besides idea to have antibacterial properties that helped prevent infections.^[9] Remedies to care for wrinkles contained ingredients such as glue of frankincense and fresh moringa. For scars and burns, a special ointment was made of red ochre, kohl, and sycamore juice. An alternative handling was a poultice of carob grounds and beloved, or an ointment made of knotgrass and powdered root of wormwood. To improve breath the ancient Africans chewed herbs or frankincense which is nevertheless in employ today. Jars of what could be compared with setting lotion have been found to incorporate a mixture of beeswax and resin. These doubled every bit remedies for issues such as baldness and greying pilus. They too used these products on their mummies, because they believed that it would make them irresistible in the after life.

Centre East [edit]

Cosmetics are mentioned in the Old Attestation, such equally in 2 Kings 9:30, where the biblical figure Jezebel painted her eyelids (approximately 840 BC). Cosmetics are also mentioned in the book of Esther, where beauty treatments are described.

Asia [edit]

Cathay [edit]

Flowers play an important decorative role in Mainland china. Legend has it that once on the 7th twenty-four hours of the 1st lunar month, while Princess Shouyang, girl of Emperor Wu of Liu Song, was resting under the eaves of Hanzhang Palace nigh the plum trees after wandering in the gardens, a plum bloom drifted downward onto her off-white face, leaving a floral banner on her brow that enhanced her beauty further.^{[10] [11] [12]} The courtroom ladies were said to exist so impressed, that they started decorating their own foreheads with a modest delicate plum blossom blueprint.^{[10] [11] [13]} This is also the mythical origin of the floral fashion, meihua zhuang ^[11] (梅花妝; literally "plum flower makeup"), that originated in the Southern Dynasties (420–589) and became popular amidst ladies in the Tang (618–907) and Vocal (960–1279) dynasties.^{[13] [14]}

Mongolia [edit]

Women of royal families painted red spots on the middle of their cheeks, correct under their eyes. Notwithstanding, it is a mystery why. They said that red cheeks are a reason of happy queen.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Japan [edit]

A maiko in the Gion district of Kyoto, Japan, in total make-upwards. The style of the lipstick indicates that she is still new.

In Japan, geisha wore lipstick made of crushed safflower petals to paint the eyebrows and edges of the eyes too as the lips, and sticks of bintsuke wax, a softer version of the sumo wrestlers' hair wax, were used by geisha equally a makeup base. Rice powder colors the face and dorsum; rouge contours the eye socket and defines the nose.^{[15] [ unreliable source? ]} Ohaguro (black paint) colours the teeth for the ceremony, chosen Erikae, when maiko (apprentice geisha) graduate and become independent. The geisha would also sometimes utilise bird droppings to compile a lighter color.

Western Asia [edit]

Cosmetics were used in Persia and what today is Iran from ancient periods.^{[ citation needed ]} Kohl is a black pulverization that is used widely beyond the Persian Empire. Information technology is used as a powder or smeared to darken the edges of the eyelids like to eyeliner.^[xvi] Later Persian tribes converted to Islam and conquered those areas, in some areas cosmetics were only restricted if they were to disguise the existent wait in order to mislead or crusade uncontrolled desire.^{[ citation needed ]} In Islamic police force, despite these requirements, there is no absolute prohibition on wearing cosmetics; the cosmetics must not be made of substances that impairment one'south trunk.

An early teacher in the tenth century was Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi, or Abulcasis, who wrote the 24-book medical encyclopedia Al-Tasrif. A affiliate of the 19th volume was dedicated to cosmetics. Equally the treatise was translated into Latin, the cosmetic chapter was used in the West. Al-Zahrawi considered cosmetics a co-operative of medicine, which he called "Medicine of Beauty" (Adwiyat al-Zinah). He deals with perfumes, scented aromatics and incense. There were perfumed sticks rolled and pressed in special molds, perhaps the earliest antecedents of present-24-hour interval lipsticks and solid deodorants. He likewise used oily substances chosen Adhan for medication and beautification.^{[ citation needed ]}

Europe [edit]

Cultures to utilise cosmetics include the aboriginal Greeks ^{[5] [six]} and the Romans. In the Roman Empire, the apply of cosmetics was common amongst prostitutes and rich women. Such adornment was sometimes lamented by certain Roman writers, who idea it to be confronting the castitas required of women by what they considered traditional Roman values; and later by Christian writers who expressed similar sentiments in a slightly different context. Pliny the Elderberry mentioned cosmetics in his Naturalis Historia, and Ovid wrote a volume on the topic.

Pale faces were a trend during the European Middle Ages. In the 16th century, women would drain themselves to attain stake pare. Spanish prostitutes wore pink makeup to contrast pale skin.^{[ commendation needed ]} 13th century Italian women wore red lipstick to show that they were upper grade.^[17] Utilize of cosmetics continued in Middle Ages, where the face was whitened and the cheeks rouged;^[18] during the afterward 16th century in the Due west, the personal attributes of the women who used makeup created a demand for the product among the upper class.^{[ vague ] [18]} Cosmetics continued to be used in the following centuries, though attitudes towards cosmetics varied throughout time, with the utilize of cosmetics existence openly frowned upon at many points in Western history. In the 19th century, Queen Victoria publicly declared makeup improper, vulgar, and adequate merely for utilise past actors,^[19] with many famous actresses of the time, such every bit Sarah Bernhardt and Lillie Langtry using makeup.

19th-century fashion ideals of women actualization fragile, feminine and pale were achieved past some through the use of makeup, with some women discreetly using rouge on their cheeks and drops of belladonna to dilate their eyes to announced larger. Though cosmetics were used discreetly past many women, makeup in Western cultures during this time was generally frowned upon, particularly during the 1870s, when Western social etiquette increased in rigidity. Teachers and clergy were specifically forbidden from the utilise of corrective products.

Americas and Australia [edit]

Some Native American tribes painted their faces for ceremonial events or battle.^{[ commendation needed ]} Similar practices were followed by Aboriginals in Australia.

The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the U.s.a. and do non stand for a worldwide view of the subject. You may meliorate this article, hash out the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, equally appropriate. (Nov 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

19th century [edit]

During the belatedly 1800s, the Western cosmetics industry began to abound due to a rising in "visual self-awareness," a shift in the perception of color cosmetics, and improvements in the condom of products.^[20] Prior to the 19th century, limitations in lighting technology and admission to cogitating devices stifled people'south ability to regularly perceive their appearance. This, in turn, limited the demand for a cosmetic marketplace and resulted in individuals creating and applying their ain products at home. Several technological advancements in the latter half of the century, including the innovation of mirrors, commercial photography, marketing and electricity in the dwelling and in public, increased consciousness of 1'south advent and created a demand for cosmetic products that improved one'southward image.^[twenty]

Confront powders, rouges, lipstick and similar products made from abode were found to accept toxic ingredients, which deterred customers from their employ. Discoveries of non-toxic cosmetic ingredients, such as Henry Tetlow'southward 1866 utilize of zinc oxide as a confront pulverisation, and the distribution of cosmetic products by established companies such as Rimmel, Guerlain, and Hudnut helped popularize cosmetics to the broader public.^[20] Skincare, along with "face painting" products like powders, likewise became in-need products of the cosmetics industry. The mass advertisements of common cold cream brands such as Pond's through billboards, magazines, and newspapers created a loftier demand for the product. These advertizing and cosmetic marketing styles were soon replicated in European countries, which further increased the popularity of the advertised products in Europe.^[20]

20th century [edit]

Audience applying makeup at lecture past beautician in Los Angeles, c. 1950.

During the early 1900s, makeup was not excessively pop. In fact, women inappreciably wore makeup at all. Make-up at this time was still by and large the territory of prostitutes, those in cabarets and on the black & white screen.^[21] Face enameling (applying actual pigment to the face) became popular among the rich at this time in an attempt to look paler. This practice was unsafe due to the master ingredient often beingness arsenic.^[22] Pale skin was associated with wealth because it meant that i was non out working in the dominicus and could afford to stay within all day. Cosmetics were and so unpopular that they could non exist bought in section stores; they could only exist bought at theatrical costume stores. A adult female's "makeup routine" frequently simply consisted of using papier poudré, a powdered paper/oil blotting canvass, to whiten the nose in the winter and shine their cheeks in the summer. Rouge was considered provocative, so was only seen on "women of the night." Some women used burnt matchsticks to darken eyelashes, and geranium and poppy petals to stain the lips.^[22] Vaseline became high in demand because it was used on chapped lips, equally a base of operations for hair tonic, and soap.^[22] Toilet waters were introduced in the early 1900s, only only lavender water or refined cologne was admissible for women to wear.^[23] Cosmetic deodorant was invented in 1888, past an unknown inventor from Philadelphia and was trademarked under the name "Mum". Curlicue-on deodorant was launched in 1952, and aerosol deodorant in 1965.

Around 1910, make-up became fashionable in the United States of America and Europe attributable to the influence of ballet and theatre stars such equally Mathilde Kschessinska and Sarah Bernhardt. Colored makeup was introduced in Paris upon the arrival of the Russian Ballet in 1910, where ochers and crimsons were the most typical shades.^[24] The Daily Mirror beauty volume showed that cosmetics were now acceptable for the literate classes to wear. With that said, men often saw rouge as a mark of sex and sin, and rouging was considered an admission of ugliness. In 1915, a Kansas legislature proposed to make it a misdemeanor for women nether the age of forty-four to wear cosmetics "for the purpose of creating a false impression."^[25] The Daily Mirror was 1 of the kickoff to suggest using a pencil line (eyeliner) to elongate the centre and an eyelash curler to accentuate the lashes. Countenance darkener was also presented in this beauty book, created from gum Arabic, Indian ink, and rosewater.^[26] George Burchett developed cosmetic tattooing during this time period. He was able to tattoo on pink blushes, crimson lips, and night eyebrows. He also was able to tattoo men disfigured in the First World War by inserting skin tones in damaged faces and by covering scars with colors more pleasing to the eye.^[27] Max Factor opened upwards a professional makeup studio for phase and screen actors in Los Angeles in 1909.^[28] Even though his store was intended for actors, ordinary women came in to purchase theatrical middle shadow and eyebrow pencils for their home use.

In the 1920s, the motion-picture show industry in Hollywood had the virtually influential affect on cosmetics. Stars such as Theda Bara had a substantial issue on the makeup industry. Helena Rubinstein was Bara'southward makeup artist; she created mascara for the extra, relying on her experiments with kohl.^[29] Others who saw the opportunity for the mass-marketplace of cosmetics during this time were Max Gene, Sr., and Elizabeth Arden. Many of the nowadays 24-hour interval makeup manufacturers were established during the 1920s and 1930s. Lipsticks were one of the most popular cosmetics of this time, more so than rouge and powder, because they were colorful and cheap. In 1915, Maurice Levy invented the metal container for lipstick, which gave license to its mass production.^[30] The Flapper manner also influenced the cosmetics of the 1920s, which embraced night eyes, red lipstick, cerise nail smoothen, and the suntan, invented every bit a fashion argument by Coco Chanel. The eyebrow pencil became vastly pop in the 1920s, in part considering it was technologically superior to what it had been, due to a new ingredient: hydrogenated cottonseed oil (also the central constituent of another wonder production of that era Crisco Oil).^[31] The early commercial mascaras, similar Maybelline, were just pressed cakes containing soap and pigments. A woman would dip a tiny castor into hot water, rub the bristles on the block, remove the excess by rolling the brush onto some blotting paper or a sponge, and then use the mascara equally if her eyelashes were a watercolor canvas.^[31] Eugène Schueller, founder of L'Oréal, invented modernistic synthetic hair dye in 1907 and he too invented sunscreen in 1936.^[32] The start patent for a nail polish was granted in 1919. Its color was a very faint pink. It's not clear how dark this rose was, but any girl whose nails were tipped in any pink darker than a babe'due south blush risked gossip about beingness "fast."^[31] Previously, only agricultural workers had sported suntans, while fashionable women kept their skins as pale as possible. In the wake of Chanel's adoption of the suntan, dozens of new fake tan products were produced to aid both men and women attain the "dominicus-kissed" look. In Asia, skin whitening continued to represent the platonic of dazzler, equally it does to this day.

In the time menstruum after the Offset Globe War, there was a boom in cosmetic surgery. During the 1920s and 1930s, facial configuration and social identity dominated a plastic surgeon's world. Confront-lifts were performed as early as 1920, but it wasn't until the 1960s when cosmetic surgery was used to reduce the signs of aging.^[33] During the twentieth century, cosmetic surgery mainly revolved around women. Men only participated in the practise if they had been disfigured by the war. Silicone implants were introduced in 1962. In the 1980s, the American Society of Plastic Surgeons made efforts to increase public awareness about plastic surgery. As a issue, in 1982, the Usa Supreme Court granted physicians the legal correct to annunciate their procedures.^[34] The optimistic and simplified nature of narrative advertisements often made the surgeries seem chance-costless, even though they were anything but. The American Society for Artful Plastic Surgery reported that more 2 meg Americans elected to undergo cosmetic procedures, both surgical and non-surgical, in 1998, liposuction being the most popular. Breast augmentations ranked second, while numbers three, four, and v went to middle surgery, face-lifts, and chemical peels.^[33]

During the 1920s, numerous African Americans participated in skin bleaching in an attempt to lighten their complexion as well equally pilus straightening to announced whiter. Skin bleaches and pilus straighteners created fortunes worth millions and accounted for a massive thirty to 50 percent of all advertisements in the black press of the decade.^[35] Oftentimes, these bleaches and straighteners were created and marketed by African American women themselves. Skin bleaches contained caustic chemicals such as hydroquinone, which suppressed the production of melanin in the peel. These bleaches could cause severe dermatitis and even death in loftier dosages. Many times these regimens were used daily, increasing an private's risk. In the 1970s, at to the lowest degree five companies started producing brand-up for African American women. Before the 1970s, makeup shades for Black women were limited. Face makeup and lipstick did not work for dark skin types because they were created for pale skin tones. These cosmetics that were created for pale skin tones only made night skin appear grayness. Somewhen, makeup companies created makeup that worked for richer skin tones, such every bit foundations and powders that provided a natural match. Popular companies like Astarté, Afram, Libra, Flori Roberts and Mode Off-white priced the cosmetics reasonably due to the fact that they wanted to reach out to the masses.^[36]

From 1939 to 1945, during the Second Earth State of war, cosmetics were in short supply.^[37] Petroleum and alcohol, basic ingredients of many cosmetics, were diverted into state of war supply. Ironically, at this time when they were restricted, lipstick, powder, and confront cream were most desirable and most experimentation was carried out for the post war period. Corrective developers realized that the war would consequence in a phenomenal smash later, so they began preparing. Yardley, Elizabeth Arden, Helena Rubinstein, and the French manufacturing company became associated with "quality" after the war because they were the oldest established. Pond'south had this same entreatment in the lower price range. Gala cosmetics were 1 of the first to give its products fantasy names, such every bit the lipsticks in "lantern red" and "sea coral."^[38]

During the 1960s and 1970s, many women in the western world influenced by feminism decided to go without whatsoever cosmetics. In 1968 at the feminist Miss America protestation, protestors symbolically threw a number of feminine products into a "Freedom Trash Can." This included cosmetics,^[39] which were among items the protestors called "instruments of female person torture"^[40] and accouterments of what they perceived to be enforced femininity.

Cosmetics in the 1970s were divided into a "natural expect" for day and a more sexualized image for evening. Non-allergic makeup appeared when the bare confront was in mode as women became more interested in the chemical value of their makeup.^[41] Modern developments in applied science, such as the High-shear mixer facilitated the production of cosmetics which were more natural looking and had greater staying power in wear than their predecessors.^[42] The prime number cosmetic of the fourth dimension was eye shadow, though; women likewise were interested in new lipstick colors such every bit lilac, light-green, and silver.^[43] These lipsticks were frequently mixed with pale pinks and whites, and so women could create their own private shades. "Chroma-ons" came into the market in this decade, with Revlon giving them wide publicity.^[43] This product was applied to the brow, lower cheeks, and chin. Contouring and highlighting the face with white eye shadow cream besides became popular. Avon introduced the lady saleswoman.^[44] In fact, the whole cosmetic industry in full general opened opportunities for women in business as entrepreneurs, inventors, manufacturers, distributors, and promoters.^[45]

21st century [edit]

Beauty products are now widely available from dedicated net-simply retailers,^[46] who have more recently been joined online by established outlets, including major department stores and traditional brick-and-mortar beauty retailers.

Like almost industries, cosmetic companies resist regulation by regime agencies. In the U.S., the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does non approve or review cosmetics, although it does regulate the colors that can exist used in pilus dyes. Cosmetic companies are not required to report injuries resulting from use of their products.^[47]

Although modernistic makeup has been used mainly past women traditionally, gradually an increasing number of males are using cosmetics ordinarily associated to women to enhance their own facial features. Concealer is commonly used by cosmetic-conscious men. Cosmetics brands are releasing cosmetic products especially tailored for men, and men are using such products more commonly.^[48] At that place is some controversy over this, however, every bit many feel that men who article of clothing makeup are neglecting traditional gender roles, and exercise not view men wearing cosmetics in a positive low-cal. Others, however, view this as a sign of increasing gender equality and feel that men also have the correct to enhance their facial features with cosmetics if women do.

Today the market place of cosmetics has a different dynamic compared to the 20th century. Some countries are driving this economy:

• Japan: Japan is the second largest marketplace in the globe. Regarding the growth of this market place, cosmetics in Nippon have entered a period of stability. However, the market state of affairs is quickly changing. At present consumers tin can access a lot of information on the Cyberspace and choose many alternatives, opening upward many opportunities for newcomers inbound the market, looking for chances to meet the diverse needs of consumers. The size of the cosmetics marketplace for 2010 was 2286 billion yen on the basis of the value of shipments by make manufacturer. With a growth rate of 0.1%, the marketplace was almost unchanged from the previous twelvemonth.^[49]
• Russia: One of the about interesting emerging markets, the 5th largest in the world in 2012, the Russian perfumery and cosmetics market has shown the highest growth of 21% since 2004, reaching U.s.a.$13.5 billion.^{[ citation needed ]}

With the imposition of lockdowns due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the consistent wariness to return to salons, trends that imitate salon procedures started to emerge, such as more than complicated home skin-care regimens, hair color preserving products, and beauty tools.^[50] Early in the pandemic, sales on makeup essentials, similar foundation and lipstick, decreased by up to 70% because of quarantining and face-covering mandates.^[51]

See also [edit]

• Cosmetics
• Female person corrective coalitions
• Ochre
• Prehistoric fine art
• Symbolic culture
• Blombos Cavern

References [edit]

1. ^ Power, Camilla (2010). "Cosmetics, identity and consciousness". Journal of Consciousness Studies. 17 (7–8): 73–94.
2. ^ Ability, Camilla (2004). "Women in Prehistoric Art". In Berghaus, Chiliad. (ed.). New Perspectives in Prehistoric Art. Westport, CT & London: Praeger. pp. 75–104.
3. ^ Watts, Ian (2009). "Cherry ochre, body painting and language: interpreting the Blombos ochre". In Botha, Rudolf; Knight, Chris (eds.). The Cradle of Language. OUP Oxford. pp. 62–92. ISBN978-0-19-156767-4.
4. ^ Watts, Ian (1 September 2010). "The pigments from Pinnacle Point Cave 13B, Western Cape, Southward Africa". Journal of Human Evolution. 59 (3): 392–411. doi:x.1016/j.jhevol.2010.07.006. PMID 20934093.
5. ^ ^{a b} Adkins, Lesley & Adkins, Roy A. (1998). Handbook to life in Ancient Greece. Oxford Academy Press. ISBN978-0-19512-491-0. ^{[ page needed ]}
6. ^ ^{a b} Burlando, Bruno; Verotta, Luisella; Cornararara, Laura & Bottini-Massa, Elisa (2010). Herbal Principles in Cosmetics. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. ISBN978-i-43981-213-6.
7. ^ Olson, Kelly (2009). "Cosmetics in Roman Antiquity: Substance, Remedy, Poison". Classical World. 102 (3): 291–310. doi:x.1353/clw.0.0098. JSTOR 40599851. Project MUSE 266767.
8. ^ Johnson, Rita (1999). "What's That Stuff? Lipstick". Chemical & Engineering science News. 77 (28): 31. doi:10.1021/cen-v077n028.p031.
9. ^ Bhanoo, Sindya N. (eighteen January 2010). "Ancient Egypt's Toxic Makeup Fought Infection, Researchers Say". The New York Times.
10. ^ ^{a b} Cai, Zong-qi, ed. (2008). How to read Chinese poetry: A guided anthology. New York: Columbia University Printing. p. 295. ISBN978-0-231-13941-0.
11. ^ ^{a b c} Wang, Betty. "Flower deities mark the lunar months with stories of Love & Tragedy". Taiwan Review. Government Data Office, Republic of Communist china. Archived from the original on 25 May 2012. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
12. ^ "Unknown". W & East 中美月刊. Sino-American Cultural and Economic Association. 36–37: nine. 1991. ISSN 0043-3047. ^{[ dead link ]}
13. ^ ^{a b} Huo, Jianying. "Ancient Cosmetology". Mainland china Today . Retrieved viii October 2011.
14. ^ Mei, Hua (2011). Chinese article of clothing. Cambridge: Cambridge Academy Printing. p. 32. ISBN978-0-521-18689-half dozen. For example, the Huadian or forehead decoration was said to take originated in the South Dynasty, when the Shouyang Princess was taking a walk in the palace in early on spring and a calorie-free breeze brought a plum blossom onto her forehead. The plum flower for some reason could not exist washed off or removed in whatsoever way. Fortunately, it looked beautiful on her, and of a sudden became all the rage among the girls of the commoners. It is therefore called the "Shouyang makeup" or the "plum blossom makeup." This makeup was popular amongst the women for a long time in the Tang and Song Dynasties.
15. ^ Graham-Diaz, Naomi (October 2001). "Brand-Upward of Geisha and Maiko". Immortal Geisha. Archived from the original on ix February 2010. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
16. ^ Oumeish, Oumeish Youssef (July 2001). "The cultural and philosophical concepts of cosmetics in dazzler and art through the medical history of mankind". Clinics in Dermatology. xix (iv): 375–386. doi:10.1016/s0738-081x(01)00194-8. PMID 11535377.
17. ^ Madrano, Autumn (1999). "A Colorful History". InFlux. University of Oregon Schoolhouse of Journalism and Communication. Archived from the original on 17 January 2001. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
18. ^ ^{a b} Angeloglou 1970, pp. 41–42.
19. ^ Pallingston, Jessica (1998). Lipstick: A Commemoration of the World's Favorite Corrective. New York City: St. Martin's Press. ISBN978-0-312-19914-two.
20. ^ ^{a b c d} Jones, Geoffrey (2010). "How Do I Look?". Beauty Imagined. Oxford, United kingdom: Oxford University Press. pp. 44–63. ISBN978-0-19955-649-six.
21. ^ Sava, Sanda (5 May 2016). "A History of Make-up & Fashion: 1900-1910". SandaSava.com . Retrieved 19 May 2016.
22. ^ ^{a b c} Angeloglou 1970, p. 113.
23. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 114.
24. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 115.
25. ^ Peiss 1998, p. 55.
26. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 116.
27. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 117.
28. ^ Peiss 1998, p. 58.
29. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 119.
30. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 125.
31. ^ ^{a b c} Riordan, Teresa (2004). Inventing Beauty. New York City: Broadway Books. ISBN978-0-76791-451-two. ^{[ page needed ]}
32. ^ "Eugène Schueller". L'Oréal.
33. ^ ^{a b} Haiken, Elizabeth (2000). "The Making of the Modern Face: Cosmetic Surgery". Social Research. 67 (1): 81–97. JSTOR 40971379. PMID 17099986.
34. ^ Lee, Shu-Yueh; Clark, Naeemah (2014). "The Normalization of Cosmetic Surgery in Women's Magazines from 1960 to 1989". Journal of Magazine Media. 15 (1). doi:ten.1353/jmm.2014.0014. Project MUSE 773691.
35. ^ Dorman, Jacob Southward. (1 June 2011). "Skin bleach and civilisation: the racial formation of blackness in 1920s Harlem" (PDF). Journal of Pan African Studies. 4 (iv): 47–81. Gale A306514735.
36. ^ "Modernistic Living: Black Cosmetics". Time. 29 June 1970. Retrieved ix February 2010.
37. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 127.
38. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 131.
39. ^ Dow, Bonnie J. (2003). "Feminism, Miss America, and Media Mythology". Rhetoric & Public Affairs. 6 (1): 127–149. doi:10.1353/rap.2003.0028. S2CID 143094250.
40. ^ Duffett, Judith (October 1968). WLM vs. Miss America. Voice of the Women'southward Liberation Movement. p. four.
41. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 138.
42. ^ "Cosmetics and Personal Care Products". Charles Ross & Son Visitor . Retrieved 7 June 2009.
43. ^ ^{a b} Angeloglou 1970, p. 135.
44. ^ Angeloglou 1970, p. 137.
45. ^ Peiss 1998, p. 5.
46. ^ "Lessons from categorising the entire beauty products sector (Part 1)". Dazzler Now. 27 September 2009. Archived from the original on 10 October 2009. Retrieved 28 September 2009.
47. ^ "Cosmetics and your health". Office on Women'southward Wellness. 4 November 2004.
48. ^ "FDA Authority Over Cosmetics". Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. 3 March 2005. Archived from the original on xiii May 2009. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
49. ^ ""The Japanese cosmetics market is actively changing," Hajime Suzuki, Cosme Tokyo". Premium Beauty News.
50. ^ "The dazzler trends customers are ownership during Covid-xix". Vogue Business organisation. ten August 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2022.
51. ^ "Sleeping beauty halls: how Covid-19 upended the 'lipstick alphabetize'". The Guardian. 18 Dec 2020. Retrieved 2 Apr 2022.

Sources [edit]

• Angeloglou, Maggie (1970). The History of Make-up. London, Britain: Macmillan. OCLC 615683528.
• Peiss, Kathy Lee (1998). Hope in a Jar: The Making of America's Dazzler Culture. Metropolitan Books. ISBN978-0-8050-5550-4.

External links [edit]

• Forsling, Yvonne. "Regency Cosmetics and Brand-Up: Looking Your Best in 1811". Regency England 1790-1830.
• "Naked face projection: Women endeavor no-makeup experiment". USA Today. 28 March 2012.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cosmetics

Posted by: presleralles1971.blogspot.com

Share this post